Abdel-Aziz M., Mohammady E.Y., Abdelmaksoud N., Elshabrawy M., Marzouk M.M. 2026. Potential of phytochemical Constituents of Teucrium polium L. in Biological Assessments, Aquaculture, and Pest Management. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry 69(9), 635-652.
Abdel-Latif H.M., Shukry M., Noreldin A.E., Ahmed H.A., El-Bahrawy A., Ghetas H.A., Khalifa E. 2023. Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) extract improves growth, immunity, serum biochemical indices, antioxidant state, hepatic histoarchitecture, and intestinal histomorphometry of striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. Aquaculture 562, 738761.
Abdel-Tawwab M., Abbass F.E. 2017. Turmeric powder, Curcuma longa L., in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., diets: growth performance, innate immunity, and challenge against pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 48(2), 303-312.
Abdollahi M., Karimpour H., Monsef-Esfehani H.R. 2003. Antinociceptive effects of Teucrium polium L. total extract and essential oil in mouse writhing test. Pharmacological Research 48(1), 31-35.
Akdemir F., Orhan C., Tuzcu M., Sahin N., Juturu V., Sahin K. 2017. The efficacy of dietary curcumin on growth performance, lipid peroxidation and hepatic transcription factors in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) reared under different stocking densities. Aquaculture Research 48(8), 4012-4021.
Alagawany M., Farag M.R., Abdelnour S.A., Dawood M.A., Elnesr S.S., Dhama K. 2021. Curcumin and its different forms: A review on fish nutrition. Aquaculture 532, 736030.
Bahabadi M.N., Banaee M., Taghiyan M., Haghi B.N. 2014. Effects of dietary administration of yarrow extract on growth performance and blood biochemical parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). International Journal of Aquatic Biology 2(5), 275-285.
Bahramkia S., Gavyar P.H.H, Yazdanparast R. 2022. Teucrium polium L: An updated review of phytochemicals and biological activities. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine 12(3), 224.
Bahramkia S., Yazdanparast R. 2012. Phytochemistry and medicinal properties of Teucrium polium L. (Lamiaceae). Phytotherapy Research 26(11), 1581-1593.
Banaee M., Impellitteri F., Multisanti C.R., Sureda A., Arfuso F., Piccione G., Faggio C. 2023. Evaluating silymarin extract as a potent antioxidant supplement in diazinon-exposed rainbow trout: oxidative stress and biochemical parameter analysis. Toxics 11(9), 737.
Banaee M., Sharma D., Sinha R., Mikušková N., Velíšek J., Faggio C. 2025. Herbal remedies in aquaculture: efficacy, risks, and the need for quality assurance. Aquaculture International 33(6), 492.
Banaee M., Sureda A., Mirvaghefi A.R., Rafei G.R. 2011. Effects of long-term silymarin oral supplementation on the blood biochemical profile of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 37(4), 885-896.
Benali T, Habbadi K., Bouyahya A., Khabbach A., Marmouzi I., Aanniz T., Chtibi H., Mrabti H.N., Achbani E.H., Hammani K. 2021. Phytochemical analysis and study of antioxidant, anticandidal, and antibacterial activities of Teucrium polium subsp. polium and Micromeria graeca (Lamiaceae) essential oils from Northern Morocco. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2021(1), 6641720.
Bhatt D., Holeyappa S.A., Pandey A., Bansal N., Hundal J.S., Khairnar S.O. 2024. Growth performance, physiological response, and tissue microarchitecture of the carp Labeo rohita challenged with AFB1 are improved by supplementing with turmeric. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 22(2), e0501.
Bitsayah A., Banaei M., Nematdoost H.B. 2018. Effects of aflatoxin-contaminated feed on immunological parameters of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Iranian Journal of Toxicology 12(1), 7-12.
Buzanovskii V. 2017. Determination of proteins in blood. Part 1: Determination of total protein and albumin. Review Journal of Chemistry 7(1), 79-124.
D'Souza H.P., Prabhu H.R. 2006. In vitro inhibition of lipid peroxidation in fish by turmeric (Curcuma longa). Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry 21(2), 138-141.
Ebrahimi M.K., Razavilar V. 2011. A survey on prevalence rate of Aflatoxigenic species of Aspergillus and residues of aflatoxins by ELISA method in Rainbow Trout feeds in Tehran and West Azarbayjan provinces - Iran. Comparative Pathology 8(1), 385-394.
El-Alim A., Abd El-Alim F., El-Murr A., Hasan T. 2025. Benefits of silymarin as an immune and growth enhancer in farmed fish. Zagazig Veterinary Journal 53(2), 127-142.
El-Barbary M.I. 2016. Detoxification and antioxidant effects of garlic and curcumin in Oreochromis niloticus injected with aflatoxin B1 with reference to gene expression of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) by RT-PCR. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 42(2), 617-629.
El-Gogary M., Dorra T.M., El-Sayed I. 2025. Impact of dietary supplementation levels of turmeric powder (Curcuma longa) on performance, carcass characteristics, blood biochemical, jejunum histological and gut microflora in broiler chickens. Journal of Animal & Poultry Production 16(1), 7.
El-Said E.A., Elattar K.M., El-Khateeb A.Y., Hamed S.E. 2026. Effect of oral silymarin on liver function, antioxidants activity and blood lipid profile of induced hepatic injury growing rabbits. Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Sciences 57(4), 1-11.
Esmaeili M.A., Yazdanparast R. 2004. Hypoglycaemic effect of Teucrium polium: studies with rat pancreatic islets. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 95(1), 27-30.
Fang Z., Zhu H., Gao J., Cao L., Yao Y., Li Q., Dai F., Yang X., Du J., Xu G. 2025. Regulatory effects of silymarin on hepatopancreatic injury induced by deltamethrin in Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) via the P53 signaling pathway. 3 Biotech 15(12), 412.
Ghafarifarsani H., Imani A., Niewold T., Pietsch-Schmied C., Sarvi Moghanlou K. 2021a. Histopathological effects of aflatoxin B1 and zearalenone on liver tissue of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Fisheries 74(1), 97-106.
Ghafarifarsani H., Imani A., Niewold T.A., Pietsch-Schmied C., Moghanlou K.S. 2021b. Synergistic toxicity of dietary aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and zearalenone (ZEN) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is attenuated by anabolic effects. Aquaculture 541, 736793.
Ghafarifarsani H., Kachuei R., Imani A. 2021c. Dietary supplementation of garden thyme essential oil ameliorated the deteriorative effects of aflatoxin B1 on growth performance and intestinal inflammatory status of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 531, 735928.
Giri S.S., Kim M.J., Kim S.G., Kim S.W., Kang J.W., Kwon J., Lee S.B., Jung W.J, Sukumaran V., Park S.C. 2021. Role of dietary curcumin against waterborne lead toxicity in common carp Cyprinus carpio. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 219, 112318.
Güneri N. 2021. A review on turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and usage in seafood. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin 10(1), 71-84.
Haggag N.A., Elbadawy M., ElKomy A., Sherif A.H. 2025. Silymarin enhances the performance of Nile tilapia fed an aflatoxin B1-contaminated diet. Aquaculture International 33(7), 679.
He X.N., Zeng Z.Z., Wu P., Jiang W.D., Liu Y., Jiang J., Kuang S.Y., Tang L., Feng L., Zhou XQ. 2022. Dietary Aflatoxin B1 attenuates immune function of immune organs in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) by modulating NF-κB and the TOR signaling pathway. Frontiers in Immunology 13, 1027064.
Hoseyni S.Z., Imani A., Vazirzadeh A., Moghanlou K.S., Farhadi A., Razi M. 2024. Dietary aflatoxin B1 and zearalenone contamination affected growth performance, intestinal and hepatopancreas gene expression profiles and histology of the intestine and gill in goldfish, Carassius auratus. Aquaculture Reports 34, 101887.
Hussain D., Mateen A., Gatlin D.M. 2017. Alleviation of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) toxicity by calcium bentonite clay: Effects on growth performance, condition indices and bioaccumulation of AFB1 residues in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture 475, 8-15.
Imbabi T.A., El-Sayed A.I., El-Habbak M.H., Nasr M.A., Halawa E.H. 2024. Ameliorative effects of silymarin on aflatoxin B1 toxicity in weaned rabbits: impact on growth, blood profile, and oxidative stress. Scientific Reports 14(1), 21666.
Jia F., Wei L., Jiang W.D., Wu P., Liu Y., Ma Y.B., Zhang H.Y., Jin X.W., Ren H.M., Zhou X.Q. 2026. Dietary silymarin improves gut–liver health by enhancing intestinal barrier integrity and modulating TLR4/NF-κB and NLRP3-mediated inflammatory responses in Aeromonas hydrophila–infected grass carp. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 111135.
Jia R., Cao L., Du J., Xu P., Jeney G., Yin G. 2013. The protective effect of silymarin on the carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Animal 49(3), 155-161.
Jiao S., Shen Z., Fang Q., Liu X., Hao Y., Kong Y., Peng S., Li M., Wang G. 2025. Dietary aflatoxin B1 exposure induced the inflammation and apoptosis in freshwater fish (Channa argus) via disturbing ROS/ERS signaling axis. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology 296, 110227.
Jindal R., Sharma R., Kaur P., Kaur S., Multisanti C.R., Faggio C. 2024. Mitigation of haemato-genotoxic and stress response effects in Cyprinus carpio via silymarin dietary supplementation following deltamethrin exposure. Heliyon 10(7), E28419.
Karadaş N.F., Duman H. 2026. Quantitative global typologies of rainbow trout production from FAO statistics. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 26(9), TRJFAS29306.
Karimi M., Gholamhosseini A., Banaee M., Zeidi A., Shakeri R., Nematollahi A. 2022. Evaluation of the pathology and food poisoning of fish with mycotoxins. Aquaculture Sciences 9(2), 10-29.
Kusi I.O., Obirikorang K.A., Adjei-Boateng D. 2025. Effects of phytobiotic Curcuma longa, Allium sativum and Zingiber officinale‐supplemented diets on growth, utilisation of feed and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) resistance against Streptococcus agalactiae. Aquaculture Research 1(2025), 9911375.
Lastra J.M.P., Curieses Andrés C.M., Munguira E.B., Juan C.A., Pérez Lebeña E. 2026. Silymarin as a Redox-Signalling and Proteostasis Modulator. Nutraceuticals 6(2), 25.
Liu F., Gao S., Yang Y., Zhao X., Fan Y., Ma W., Yang D., Yang A., Yu Y. 2018. Antitumor activity of curcumin by modulation of apoptosis and autophagy in human lung cancer A549 cells through inhibiting PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Oncology Reports 39(3), 1523-1531.
Liu H., Xie R., Huang W., Yang Y., Zhou M., Lu B., Li B., Tan B., Dong X. 2023. Negative effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in the diet on growth performance, protein and lipid metabolism, and liver health of juvenile hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀× Epinephelus lanceolatus♂). Aquaculture Reports 33, 101779.
Ljubuncic P., Dakwar S., Portnaya I., Cogan U., Azaizeh H., Bomzon A. 2006. Aqueous extracts of Teucrium polium possess remarkable antioxidant activity in vitro. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 3(3), 329-338.
Manal I. 2018. Impact of garlic and curcumin on the hepatic histology and cytochrome P450 gene expression of aflatoxicosis Oreochromis niloticus using RT-PCR. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 18(3), 405-415.
Manju M., Akbarsha M.A., Oommen O.V. 2012. In vivo protective effect of dietary curcumin in fish Anabas testudineus (Bloch). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 38(2), 309-318.
Mansour M.F., Radwan Z.Z., Khamis T., Fawzy M. 2024. Silymarin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles alleviate dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, metabolic disturbance and histopathological injury associated with high fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats. Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research 14(3), 439-444.
Marina C.D., Puscasiu D., Flangea C., Vlad T., Cimporescu A., Popescu R., Moatar A.E., Vlad D.C. 2025. Adipo-Modulation by Turmeric Bioactive Phenolic Components: From Curcuma Plant to Effects. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26(14), 6880.
Michelin E.C., Massocco M.M., Godoy S.H., Baldin J.C., Yasui G.S., Lima C.G., Rottinghaus G.E., Sousa R.L., Fernandes A.M. 2017. Carryover of aflatoxins from feed to lambari fish (Astyanax altiparanae) tissues. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 34(2), 265-271.
Mohamed Kamel G.A., Harahsheh E., Hussein S. 2022. Mechanisms underlying the hepatoprotective effect of silymarin on fluoxetine-induced liver injury in rats: the implication of peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ). Comparative Clinical Pathology 31(4), 689-698.
Moore J.F., Sharer J.D. 2017. Methods for quantitative creatinine determination. Current Protocols in Human Genetics 93(1), A.3O.1-A.3O.7.
Moss D., Baron D., Walker P., Wilkinson J. 1971. Standardization of clinical enzyme assays. Journal of Clinical Pathology 24(8), 740.
Nagaraja P., Krishna H., Shivakumar A., Shrestha A.K. 2012. Development of quantitative enzymatic method and its validation for the assay of glucose in human serum. Clinical Biochemistry 45(1-2), 139-143.
Nazdar N., Imani A., Froushani S.M.A., Farzaneh M., Moghanlou K.S. 2026. Aflatoxin B1 detoxification in rainbow trout via dietary inclusion of turmeric and Shirazi thyme extracts: Implications for feed efficiency, hepatic health, and oxidative stress management. Aquaculture Reports 47, 103466.
Oliveira M., Vasconcelos V. 2020. Occurrence of mycotoxins in fish feed and its effects: A review. Toxins 12(3), 160.
Rahmouni F., Badraoui R., Ben-Nasr H., Bardakci F., Elkahoui S., Siddiqui A.J., Saeed M., Snoussi M., Saoudi M., Rebai T. 2022a. Pharmacokinetics and therapeutic potential of Teucrium polium against liver damage associated hepatotoxicity and oxidative injury in rats: computational, biochemical and histological studies. Life 12(7), 1092.
Rahmouni F., Badraoui R., Ben-Nasr H., Bardakci F., Elkahoui S., Siddiqui A.J., Saeed M., Snoussi M., Saoudi M., Rebai T. 2022b. Pharmacokinetics and therapeutic potential of Teucrium polium, a medicinal and endangered species in Ha’il region, against liver damage associated hepatotoxicity and oxidative injury in rats: computational, biochemical and histological studies. Life 12(2), 1092.
Ramakrishnan L., Reddy K.S., Jailkhani B.L. 2001. Measurement of cholesterol and triglycerides in dried serum and the effect of storage. Clinical Chemistry 47, 1113-1115.
Rodríguez-Cervantes C., Girón-Pérez M., Robledo-Marenco M., Marín S., Velázquez-Fernández J., Medina-Díaz I., Rojas-García A., Ramos A. 2010. Aflatoxin B1 and its toxic effects on immune response of teleost fishes: a review. World Mycotoxin Journal 3(2), 193-199.
Rotimi O.A., Rotimi S.O., Duru C.U., Ebebeinwe O.J., Abiodun A.O., Oyeniyi B.O., Faduyile F.A. 2017. Acute aflatoxin B1–Induced hepatotoxicity alters gene expression and disrupts lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in rats. Toxicology Reports 4, 408-414.
Sadeghi Z., Yang J.L., Venditti A., Moridi Farimani M. 2022. A review of the phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology and biological activities of Teucrium genus (Germander). Natural Product Research 36(21), 5647-5664.
Sahoo P.K., Mukherjee S.C. 2001. Immunosuppressive effects of aflatoxin B1 in Indian major carp (Labeo rohita). Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 24(3), 143-149.
Sahu S., Das B.K., Mishra B.K., Pradhan J., Samal S.K., Sarangi N. 2008. Effect of dietary Curcuma longa on enzymatic and immunological profiles of rohu, Labeo rohita (Ham.), infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Aquaculture Research 39(16), 1720-1730.
Shahafve S., Banaee M., Haghi B.N., Mohiseni M. 2017. Histopathological study of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fed aflatoxin-contaminated diets. International Journal of Aquatic Biology 5(2), 63-70.
Shehata A.I., Tefal E., Elmaghraby A.M., Amer A.A., Teiba I.I., Alhoshy M., Gewaily M.S., Guo Z., Li S., El Basuini M.F. 2025. Evaluation of Silymarin–L-Carnitine as a dietary supplement on growth performance, antioxidants and immunity, gut/liver health, and gene expression in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fishes 10(11), 580.
Taheri S., Banaee M., Nematdoost Haghi B., Mohiseni M. 2017. Evaluation of Nephrotoxic Effects of Aflatoxins on Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio). Iranian Journal of Toxicology 11(2), 51-58.
Trivedi A., Saxena V., Bakhasha J., Arya N., Yadav K.K., Srivastava A., Trivedi S.P., Banaee M., Sopjani M., Faggio C. 2025. Curcumin’s role in reshaping the redox dynamics of fish kidneys: NRF2 activation as a strategy against copper-induced nephropathy. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 51(3), 94.
Vaziriyan M., Banaee M., Nemadoost Haghi B., Mohiseni M. 2018. Effects of dietary exposure to aflatoxins on some plasma biochemical indices of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 17(3), 487-502.
Wei L., Wu P., Zhou X.Q., Jiang W.D., Liu Y., Kuang S.Y., Tang L., Feng L. 2020. Dietary silymarin supplementation enhanced growth performance and improved intestinal apical junctional complex on juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Aquaculture 525, 735311.
Wei L.S., Hooi K.Y., Khoo M.I., Wee W. 2024. Effect of dietary supplementation of turmeric, Curcuma longa leaf on growth and health status of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Veterinary Integrative Sciences 22(3), 907–920.
Xiao P., Ji H., Ye Y., Zhang B., Chen Y., Tian J., Liu P., Chen L., Du Z. 2017. Dietary silymarin supplementation promotes growth performance and improves lipid metabolism and health status in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) fed diets with elevated lipid levels. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 43(1), 245-263.
Yousuf G.O., Farooq U., Jyotirmayee Verma M., Shukla S., Pandey S., Gupta M., Arshad M. 2026. Mechanistic insights into Aflatoxin B1‐induced histopathology in the gill, liver, and kidney tissues and immune dysregulation by altering the expression of cytokine genes in Channa punctata. Journal of Applied Toxicology. In Press.
Yu Y.Y., Chen S.J., Chen M., Tian L.X., Niu J., Liu Y.J., Xu D.H. 2016. Effect of cadmium-polluted diet on growth, salinity stress, hepatotoxicity of juvenile Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei): Protective effect of Zn (II)–curcumin. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 125(2016), 176-183.
Zeng S., Long W., Tian L., Xie S., Chen Y., Yang H., Liang G., Liu Y. 2016. Effects of dietary aflatoxin B1 on growth performance, body composition, haematological parameters and histopathology of juvenile Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Aquaculture Nutrition 22(5), 1152-1159.
Zhang Y., Rossi W.Jr., Yamamoto F.Y., Velasquez A.M., Wang A., Gatlin D.M. 2022. Effects of Dietary Aflatoxin B1 on Hybrid Striped Bass (Morone chrysops× M. saxatilis) and Assessment of Supplemental Arginine as a Potential Aflatoxicosis Alleviator. Aquaculture Nutrition 2022(1), 5161222.
