Aquaculture Sciences

Aquaculture Sciences

The effect of different levels of thymol on the immune response, hematological changes and antioxidant capacity of Caspian roach (Rutilus lacustris) under transportation conditions

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran.
Abstract
Fish transportation activity in the aquaculture industry is one of the stress factors that causes physiological changes in the immune system. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of anesthesia with different levels of thymol (adding thymol to water at concentrations of 0, 25, 50 and 100 mg/L) during transportation of marine and pond of Caspian roach (Rutilus lacustris) on hematological indices, immunity and antioxidant capacity. Blood indices of marine and pond broodstock (red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit) were significantly reduced (P<0.05) in the treatment with high thymol concentration, while there was no significant difference in other factors (neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes) (P>0.05). The results showed that with increasing thymol concentration, cortisol levels decreased significantly (P<0.05) and lysozyme, complement and immunoglobulin activities increased. With the addition of thymol, antioxidant superoxide dismutase activity increased and catalase and malondialdehyde decreased significantly (P<0.05). Overall, the results of transportation stress showed that adding 100 mg/L of thymol to water improved the immune and antioxidant status of calamari broodstock.
Keywords

قربانی ر.، باغفلکی م.، شالویی ف. 1391. محیطزیست دریای خزر. انتشارات دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، چاپ اول، 344 صفحه.
مهدی­پور ن.، سعیدپور، ب.، بندانی، غ.ع. 1395. تعیین ساختار سنی، نسبت جنسی و الگوی رشد مولدین ماهی کلمه Rutilus caspicus (Yakovlev, 1870)  در سواحل جنوب شرقی دریای خزر )استان گلستان). نشریه پژوهشهای ماهی شناسی، 4(1): 27-17.   
میرزرگر س.س.، طاهری میرقائد ع، حسینی س.م.، قلیچ‌پور م.، شهبازی م.، یوسفی ی. 1400. اثر افزودن تیمول بر شاخص های خون شناسی و ایمنی  ماهی کپور معمولی (Cyprinus carpio) در دوره حمل و نقل. نشریه علوم آبزی پروری. 9(1): 27-34.
نعمتالهی م.ع. 1389. پاسخ به استرس اسارت در تور در ماهی کپور معمولی (Cyprinus carpio L). نشریه شیلات، مجله منابع طبیعی ایران، 63(1): 47-39.
Abd El-Naby A.S., Al-Sagheer A.A., Negm S.S., Naiel M.A. 2020. Dietary combination of chitosan nanoparticle and thymol affects feed utilization, digestive enzymes, antioxidant status, and intestinal morphology of Oreochromis niloticus. Aquaculture 515, 734577.
Adineh H., Naderi M., Yousefi M., Khademi Hamidi M., Ahmadifar E., Hoseini S.M. 2021. Dietary licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) improves growth, lipid metabolism, antioxidant and immune responses, and resistance to crowding stress in common carp, Cyprinus carpioAquaculture Nutrition 27(2), 417-426.
Aksakal E., Ekinci D., Erdoğan O., Beydemir Ş., Alım Z., Ceyhun S.B. 2011. Increasing stocking density causes inhibition of metabolic–antioxidant enzymes and elevates mRNA levels of heat shock protein 70 in rainbow trout. Livestock Science 141, 69-75.
Aydın B., Barbas L.A.L. 2020. Sedative and anesthetic properties of essential oils and their active compounds in fish: A review. Aquaculture 520, p.734999.
Baluchnejadmojarad T., Roghani M., Mafakheri M. 2010. Neuroprotective effect of silymarin in 6-hydroxydopamine hemi-parkinsonian rat: involvement of estrogen receptors and oxidative stress. Neuroscience Letters 480(3), 206-210.
Benovit S.C., Gressler L.T., de Lima Silva L., de Oliveira Garcia L., Okamoto M.H., dos Santos Pedron J., Baldisserotto B. 2012. Anesthesia and transport of Brazilian flounder, Paralichthys orbignyanus, with essential oils of Aloysia gratissima and Ocimum gratissimum. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 43(6), 896-900.
Bianchini A.E., Rodrigues P., Barbosa L.B., Junior G.B., de Freitas Souza C., Heinzmann B.M., Baldisserotto B. 2020. Tissue distribution and elimination of S-(+)-linalool in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). Aquaculture 529, 735637.
Blaxhall P.C., Daisley K.W.  1973. Routine hematological methods for use with fish blood. Journal of Fish Biolology 5(6), 77181.
Ciji A., Akhtar M.S. 2021. Stress management in aquaculture: A review of dietary interventions. Reviews in Aquaculture 13(4), 2190-2247.
Cooke S.J., Donaldson M.R., O'connor C.M., Raby, G.D., Arlinghaus R., Danylchuk, A.J., Suski C.D. 2013. The physiological consequences of catch-and-release angling: perspectives on experimental design, interpretation, extrapolation and relevance to stakeholders. Fisheries Management and Ecology 20(2-3), 268-287.
Costa J.D.S., Silva H.N.P.D., Sousa E.M.D.O., Silva R.C.S., Valente A.S.O., Machado S.D.D.S., Silva L.V.F.D. 2020. The use of Myrcia sylvatica hydrolate (G. MEY.) DC. (Myrtaceae) as a sedative under simulated conditions of transport of juvenile tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). Journal of Applied Aquaculture 33(4), 360-372.
 Dobšíková R., Svobodová Z.V.A.F., Bláhová J.V.A.F., Modra H., Velíšek J. 2009. The effect of transport on biochemical and haematological indices of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Czech Journal of Animal Science 54(11), 510-518.
Eagderi S., Mouludi-Saleh A., Esmaeli H.R., Sayyadzadeh G., Nasri. M. 2022. Freshwater lamprey and fishes of Iran; a revised and updated annotated checklist-2022. Turkish Journal of Zoology 46(6), 500-522.
Ellis A.E. 1990. Lysozyme assays. In: Stolen, J.S., Fletcher, T.C., Anderson, D.P., Robertson, B.S., and Van Muiswinkel, publication. pp. 101-103.
Goth L. 1991. A simple method for determination of serum catalase activity and revision of reference range. Clinica Chimica Acta 196(2-3), 143-151.
Gressler L.T., Riffel A.P.K., Parodi T.V., Saccol E.M.H., Koakoski G., Costa S.T., Pavanato M.A., Heinzmann B.M., Caron B., Schmidt D., Llesuy S.F., Barcellos L.J.G., Baldisserotto B., 2014. Silver catfish Rhamdia quelen immersion anaesthesia with essential oil of Aloysia triphylla (L'Hérit) Britton or tricaine methanesulfonate: effect on stress response and antioxidant status. Aquaculture Research 45(6), 1061-1072.
Harmon, T.S. 2009. Methods for reducing stressors and maintaining water quality associated with live fish transport in tanks: a review of the basics. Reviews in Aquaculture 1(1), 58-66.
Kiabi B., Abdoli A., Naderi M. 1999. Status of the fish fauna in the south Caspian Basin of Iran. Zoology in the Middle East 18(1), 57-65.
Kowalczyk A., Przychodna M., Sopata S., Bodalska A., Fecka I. 2020. Thymol and thyme essential oil-new insights into selected therapeutic applications. Molecules 25, 18. 4125.
Kühlwein H., Merrifield D.L., Rawling M.D., Foey A.D., Davies S.J. 2014. Effects of dietary β(1, 3)(1, 6)Dglucan supplementation on growth performance, intestinal morphology and haematoimmunological profile of mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 98(2), 279-289.
Maritim A.C., Sanders R.A., Watkins J.B. 2003. Diabetes, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: a review. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology 17(1), 24-38.
Marklund S., Marklund G. 1974. Involvement of the superoxyde anion radical in the auto oxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay for superoxyde dismutase. European Journal of Biochemistry 47: 469-474.
Mazandarani M., Hoseini S.M., Dehghani Ghomshani M. 2017. Effects of linalool on physiological responses of Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758) and water physico-chemical parameters during transportation. Aquaculture Research 48, 5775-5781.
Purbosari N., Warsiki E., Syamsu K., Santoso J. 2019. Natural versus synthetic anesthetic for transport of live fish: A review. Aquaculture and Fisheries 4(4), 129-133.
Saccol E.M., Jerez-Cepa I., Ourique G.M., Pês T.S., Gressler L.T., Mourão R.H., Martínez-Rodríguez G., Mancera J.M., Baldisserotto B., Pavanato M.A. 2018. Myrcia sylvatica essential oil mitigates molecular, biochemical and physiological alterations in Rhamdia quelen under different stress events associated to transport. Research in Veterinary Science 117, 150-160.
Saccol E.M., Londero É.P., Bressan C.A., Salbego J., Gressler L.T., Silva L.V., Mourão R.H., Oliveira R.B., Llesuy S.F., Baldisserotto B. 2017a. Oxidative and biochemical responses in Brycon amazonicus anesthetized and sedated with Myrcia sylvatica (G. Mey.) DC. and Curcuma longa L. essential oils. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 44, 555–566.
Saccol E.M., Toni C., Pês T.S., Ourique G.M., Gressler L.T., Silva L.V., Mourão R.H., Oliveira R.B., Baldisserotto B., Pavanato M.A. 2017b. Anaesthetic and antioxidant effects of Myrcia sylvatica (G. Mey.) DC. and Curcuma longa L. essential oils on tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). Aquaculture Research 48(5), 2012-2031.
Salbego J., Becker A.G., Parodi T.V., Zeppenfeld C.C., Gonçalves J.F., Loro V.L., Morsch V.M., Schetinger M.R.C., Maldaner G., Morel A.F., Baldisserotto B. 2015. Methanolic extract of Condalia buxifolia added to transport water alters biochemical parameters of the silver catfish Rhamdia quelen. Aquaculture 437, 46-50.
Santos E.L.R., Rezende F.P., Moron S.E. 2020. Stress-related physiological and histological responses of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) to transportation in water with tea tree and clove essential oil anesthetics. Aquaculture 523, 735164.
Sunyer J.O., Tort L. 1995. Natural hemolytic and bactericidal activities of sea bream Sparus aurata serum are affected by the alternative complement pathway. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 45, 333-345.
Taheri Mirghaed A., Ghelichpour M., Hoseini S.M., 2016. Myrcene and linalool as new anesthetic and sedative agents in common carp, Cyprinus carpio comparison with eugenol. Aquaculture 464, 165-170.
Toni C., Martos-Sitcha J.A., Baldisserotto B., Heinzmann B.M., de Lima Silva L., Martínez-Rodríguez G., Mancera J.M., 2015. Sedative effect of 2-phenoxyethanol and essential oil of Lippia alba on stress response in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Research in Veterinary Science 103, 20-27.
Velíšek J., Stara A., Li Z.-H., Silovska S., Turek J., 2011. Comparison of the effects of four anaesthetics on blood biochemical profiles and oxidative stress biomarkers in rainbow trout. Aquaculture 310, 369-375.
Wang J., Xiong G., Bai C., Liao T. 2021. Anesthetic efficacy of two plant phenolics and the physiological response of juvenile Ictalurus punctatus to simulated transport. Aquaculture 538, 736566.
Witeska M. 2005. Stress in fish-hematological and immunological effects of heavy metals. Electronic Journal of Ichthyology 1(1), 35-41.
Yousefi M., Hoseini S.M., Aydin B., Taheri Mirghaed A., Vladimirovich Kulikov E., Gennadievich Drukovsky S., Borisovich Seleznev S., Anatolyevich Rudenko P., Hoseinifar S.H., Van Doan H. 2022. Anesthetic efficacy and hemato-biochemical effects of thymol on juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Aquaculture 547 (737540), 1-9.
Yousefi M., Hoseini S.M., Vatnikov Y.A., Nikishov A.A., Kulikov E.V. 2018. Thymol as a new anesthetic in common carp (Cyprinus carpio): Efficacy and physiological effects in comparison with eugenol. Aquaculture 495, 376-383.