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<!DOCTYPE ArticleSet PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD PubMed 2.7//EN" "https://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/ncbi/pubmed/in/PubMed.dtd">
<ArticleSet>
<Article>
<Journal>
				<PublisherName>انجمن آبزی پروری ایران</PublisherName>
				<JournalTitle>مجله علوم آبزی پروری</JournalTitle>
				<Issn>2322-5351</Issn>
				<Volume>13</Volume>
				<Issue>2</Issue>
				<PubDate PubStatus="epublish">
					<Year>2025</Year>
					<Month>09</Month>
					<Day>23</Day>
				</PubDate>
			</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>Biology of Chironomus riparius in the drinking water supply of Sanandaj to control its population</ArticleTitle>
<VernacularTitle>زیست‌شناسی شیرونومیده &lt;em&gt;&lt;em&gt;Chironomus riparius &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;تصفیه‌خانه آب شرب سنندج با هدف کنترل جمعیت آن</VernacularTitle>
			<FirstPage>79</FirstPage>
			<LastPage>90</LastPage>
			<ELocationID EIdType="pii">237097</ELocationID>
			
			
			<Language>FA</Language>
<AuthorList>
<Author>
					<FirstName>سرور</FirstName>
					<LastName>همتی</LastName>
<Affiliation>گروه شیلات، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران.</Affiliation>

</Author>
<Author>
					<FirstName>حبیب الله</FirstName>
					<LastName>محمدی</LastName>
<Affiliation>گروه شیلات، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران.</Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-3673-3292</Identifier>

</Author>
<Author>
					<FirstName>حامد</FirstName>
					<LastName>غباری</LastName>
<Affiliation>گروه گیاه‌پزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران.</Affiliation>

</Author>
<Author>
					<FirstName>آرمین</FirstName>
					<LastName>نماینده</LastName>
<Affiliation>گروه علوم زیستی و محیطی، دانشگاه ترنت، انتاریو، کانادا.</Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-2136-0497</Identifier>

</Author>
<Author>
					<FirstName>ادریس</FirstName>
					<LastName>قادری</LastName>
<Affiliation>گروه شیلات، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران.</Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-9875-7735</Identifier>

</Author>
</AuthorList>
				<PublicationType>Journal Article</PublicationType>
			<History>
				<PubDate PubStatus="received">
					<Year>2025</Year>
					<Month>11</Month>
					<Day>11</Day>
				</PubDate>
			</History>
		<Abstract>&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;The present study was conducted to investigate the biological characteristics of &lt;em&gt;C. riparius&lt;/em&gt; to control chironomids in wastewater treatment plants and for mass culture. Larvae of &lt;em&gt;C. riparius&lt;/em&gt; were reared under standard conditions until the completion of the &lt;em&gt;C. riparius&lt;/em&gt; life cycle. To examine the effect of temperature, treatments at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30°C were tested. The results showed that the minimum threshold temperature for &lt;em&gt;C. riparius&lt;/em&gt; growth was 4&lt;sup&gt;°&lt;/sup&gt;C, the maximum was 25&lt;sup&gt;°&lt;/sup&gt;C, and larval growth decreased at 30&lt;sup&gt;°&lt;/sup&gt;C. The 25&lt;sup&gt;°&lt;/sup&gt;C treatment recorded the highest daily growth rate and biomass at 0.38±0.07. However, the optimal temperature for both growth and survival during the development of the &lt;em&gt;C. riparius&lt;/em&gt; life cycle was 18.7°C. Degree-day values for larval instars 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 132± 106, 248±86, 397±170, and 528±153 day-degrees at 17/18°C, respectively, with 498±235 day-degrees recorded for pupation. In the second phase of the experiment, based on the results of the first phase, a temperature of 25&lt;sup&gt;°&lt;/sup&gt;C was selected to determine the best diet for growth and rearing. Results from rearing &lt;em&gt;C. riparius&lt;/em&gt; larvae on 7 food diets (chicken manure, pigeon manure, sheep manure, egg yolk, fish food, yeast, skim milk powder) plus a control showed significant differences in growth rates among the dietary treatments (&lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt;≤0.05), with the highest rate in the fish food treatment and the lowest in the skim milk powder treatment. Based on the results for growth performance and economic feasibility of supply, the use of sheep and chicken manure treatments is recommended for rearing.&lt;/span&gt;</Abstract>
			<OtherAbstract Language="FA">&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;پژوهش حاضر به‌منظور بررسی ویژگی ­های زیست‌شناسی &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;;&quot;&gt;C. riparius&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot;&gt;برای کنترل شیرونومیده در تصفیه‌خانه و پرورش انبوه انجام شد. پرورش لارو &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;;&quot;&gt;C. riparius&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt; در شرایط استاندارد و تا زمان کامل شدن چرخه زندگی&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;آن ادامه یافت. برای بررسی اثر دما&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;تیمارهای دمایی 10، 15، 20، 25 و 30 درجه سانتی‌گراد آزمایش شد. نتایج مطالعه نشان داد حداقل دمای آستانه رشد &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;;&quot;&gt;C. riparius&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;، 4 و حداکثر آن دمای 25 درجه سانتی‌گراد است و در دمای 30 درجه رشد لاروها کاهش می‌یابد. تیمارهای 25 درجه سانتی‌گراد با مقدار 0/07&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: &#039;Cambria&#039;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;&quot;&gt;±&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;0/38 حداکثر مقدار رشد روزانه و زیست‌توده را به‌خود اختصاص دادند، اما حالت مطلوب رشد و بقا با هم در روند تکامل چرخه زندگی &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk117429055;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;;&quot;&gt;C. riparius&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk117429055;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk117429055;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;دمای 18/70 درجه سانتی‌گراد بود. مقادیر روزدرجه&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt; برای اینستارهای 1، 2، 3 و 4 لارو به‌ترتیب شامل: 132&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: &#039;Cambria&#039;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;&quot;&gt;±&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;106، 86&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: &#039;Cambria&#039;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;&quot;&gt;±&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;248، 170&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: &#039;Cambria&#039;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;&quot;&gt;±&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt; 397 و 153&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: &#039;Cambria&#039;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;&quot;&gt;±&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;528&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt; روز در دمای 70/18 درجه سانتی‌گراد و 235&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: &#039;Cambria&#039;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;&quot;&gt;±&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;498 روز برای شفیره ­گی ثبت شد. بخش دوم آزمایش براساس نتایج مرحله اول، دمای 25 درجه سانتی‌گراد برای بررسی بهترین غذا برای رشد و پرورش انتخاب شد. نتایج حاصل از پرورش لاروهای &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;;&quot;&gt;C. riparius&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;با 7 جیره­ غذایی (کود مرغی، کود کبوتر، کود گوسفندی، زرده تخم مرغ، غذای ماهی، مخمر، پودر شیرخشک) و شاهد نشان داد که تفاوت نرخ رشد بین تیمارهای مختلف غذایی معنی­دار بود (0/05&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;;&quot;&gt;≤&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt;) به&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;;&quot;&gt;‌&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;طوری­که بیشترین در تیمار غذای ماهی و کمترین در تیمار شیر خشک به‌دست آمد. براساس نتایج، برای پرورش نتایج رشد و اقتصادی بودن تأمین کودهای گوسفندی و مرغی استفاده از این دو تیمار نیز در پرورش انبوه پیشنهاد می­ شود.&lt;/span&gt;</OtherAbstract>
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			<Param Name="value">زیست‌شناسی</Param>
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